ASTR 420 · Lecture 01

Lecture 01: The Expanding Universe

Cosmology

Expansion is a change in the metric separation of unbound systems, not an explosion into pre-existing space.

Objectives and route

Infer expansion from redshift, distance, and the scale factor.
Define and distinguish redshift, comoving coordinates, and Hubble's law.
Derive or audit one quantitative relation with units and assumptions.
Connect the calculation to an observational test and a limitation.

Terms for This Lecture

Redshift

Definition: The fractional displacement of a spectral feature from its emitted wavelength, conventionally written z.

Why it matters here: In The Expanding Universe, Redshift is needed to reason about redshift, comoving coordinates, and Hubble's law rather than merely label the phenomenon.

Relationship: It is interpreted alongside Scale factor and the lecture relation below; identify which quantities are observed, calibrated, or model-derived.

Limitation or common confusion: This linear estimate is a low-redshift approximation; peculiar velocities can be a comparable correction for nearby galaxies.

\(a(t),\\quad 1+z=a_0/a_{\\rm em}\)

Motivating evidence

Expansion is a change in the metric separation of unbound systems, not an explosion into pre-existing space.

Cosmological claims are indirect: an observable is calibrated, placed in a model, and compared against alternatives. Keep those layers separate throughout the lecture.

redshift, comoving coordinates, and Hubble's law. The axes, labels, and geometry carry the physical inference rather than serving as decoration.

Physical framework

Start from the governing relation and define its domain:

\(a(t),\\quad 1+z=a_0/a_{\\rm em}\)

State the coordinate choice, units, boundary conditions, and approximation before substituting numbers. The same symbol can mean a different quantity in Newtonian, special-relativistic, and expanding-space contexts.

Read the visual

Use the figure introduced on the evidence slide as an argument: identify the measured axis, the inferred axis, the comparison model, and the parameter that controls the conclusion.

The paired lab asks you to reproduce the visual from a supplied data extract and test one modeling choice.

Worked calculation

At z=0.01, the low-z estimate gives d = cz/H0 = 44.4796 Mpc.

This linear estimate is a low-redshift approximation; peculiar velocities can be a comparable correction for nearby galaxies.

Estimate the scale first, then check dimensions and comparative direction. The displayed value is generated from shared ASTR420 constants and data.

Evidence versus inference

Raw data are not the same as calibrated observables.
A fitted parameter is conditional on the likelihood, prior, and selection function.
Independent probes can agree because the model is useful, or disagree because an assumption is hidden.

Boundary condition

Limit of the model: This linear estimate is a low-redshift approximation; peculiar velocities can be a comparable correction for nearby galaxies.

Ask what happens if the dominant assumption fails. In cosmology, approximation honesty matters because distances, times, and abundances accumulate model dependence.

Active reasoning

Prompt: A galaxy at 100 Mpc has a recession speed computed from Hubble's law.

Predict the direction before calculating. Then name one observation that could discriminate between two explanations.

Connection to the seven-unit arc

Earlier tools: ASTR310 radiation, dynamics, and statistical mechanics.
Paired data activity: use the corresponding CSV and reproduce the calculation with a perturbation test.
Next step: combine this probe with an independent epoch or distance measure.

Takeaways

Infer expansion from redshift, distance, and the scale factor.
A cosmological parameter is meaningful only with its model and uncertainty context.
State whether a number is live-verified, a published value awaiting spot-check, or an instructor-provided model value.
Carry the limitation forward into the lab and problem set.

Reading and provenance

OpenStax Astronomy 2e, Chapter 29, sections 29.1 and 29.2; embedded Figures 29.1-29.4.

OpenStax Astronomy 2e Chapter 29 embedded figure numbers were checked against the extracted text; the source index has chapter-label offsets near the Chapter 29 boundary, so the adopted PDF remains the final exercise-number authority.

Additional sources and dataset status are recorded in reference-log.md. Standard published values not re-fetched this session are level 2 and require human spot-checking.