Problem 1
Expected reasoning: identify the record, preserve provenance, apply the method, test sensitivity, and interpret what the result does not establish.
Key check: The 0.8 arcsec separation at 0.3 arcsec uncertainty gives weight 0.0285655.
Rubric
Require traceable input, correct method, explicit assumptions, quantitative evidence, precise citations, and a limitation. Problems are worth 25, 30, 20, and 25 points.
Problem 2
Expected reasoning: identify the record, preserve provenance, apply the method, test sensitivity, and interpret what the result does not establish.
Key check: A complete answer includes an audit trail, not only a polished number or figure.
Problem 3
Expected reasoning: identify the record, preserve provenance, apply the method, test sensitivity, and interpret what the result does not establish.
Key check: A complete answer includes an audit trail, not only a polished number or figure.
Problem 4
Expected reasoning: identify the record, preserve provenance, apply the method, test sensitivity, and interpret what the result does not establish.
Key check: A complete answer includes an audit trail, not only a polished number or figure.