Calibrated observable
Definition: A measured quantity transformed from instrument output with documented response and corrections.
Why it matters here: It is required to answer What evidence is needed to defend a cosmological claim? and to distinguish direct observation from cosmological inference.
Relationships: Read it with Likelihood data product, the model \(data -> calibrated observable -> likelihood -> posterior predictive check -> claim\), and the evidence statement Students receive source-tagged published summaries, a live-verified Pantheon+ excerpt and covariance block, and clearly labeled model outputs; each supports a different inference task.
Boundary or common confusion: Structural completeness is not scientific approval. A complete package remains provisional until independent human review and local policy adaptation.
Likelihood data product
Definition: The data vector, covariance, selection model, and nuisance prescription needed for inference.
Why it matters here: It is required to answer What evidence is needed to defend a cosmological claim? and to distinguish direct observation from cosmological inference.
Relationships: Read it with Cross-probe analysis, the model \(data -> calibrated observable -> likelihood -> posterior predictive check -> claim\), and the evidence statement Students receive source-tagged published summaries, a live-verified Pantheon+ excerpt and covariance block, and clearly labeled model outputs; each supports a different inference task.
Boundary or common confusion: Structural completeness is not scientific approval. A complete package remains provisional until independent human review and local policy adaptation.
Cross-probe analysis
Definition: Joint or comparative inference using observables with complementary parameter sensitivities.
Why it matters here: It is required to answer What evidence is needed to defend a cosmological claim? and to distinguish direct observation from cosmological inference.
Relationships: Read it with Robustness test, the model \(data -> calibrated observable -> likelihood -> posterior predictive check -> claim\), and the evidence statement Students receive source-tagged published summaries, a live-verified Pantheon+ excerpt and covariance block, and clearly labeled model outputs; each supports a different inference task.
Boundary or common confusion: Structural completeness is not scientific approval. A complete package remains provisional until independent human review and local policy adaptation.
Robustness test
Definition: A controlled change in data, model, calibration, or analysis that probes claim stability.
Why it matters here: It is required to answer What evidence is needed to defend a cosmological claim? and to distinguish direct observation from cosmological inference.
Relationships: Read it with Claim boundary, the model \(data -> calibrated observable -> likelihood -> posterior predictive check -> claim\), and the evidence statement Students receive source-tagged published summaries, a live-verified Pantheon+ excerpt and covariance block, and clearly labeled model outputs; each supports a different inference task.
Boundary or common confusion: Structural completeness is not scientific approval. A complete package remains provisional until independent human review and local policy adaptation.
Claim boundary
Definition: The explicit limit beyond which the available data and model do not justify interpretation.
Why it matters here: It is required to answer What evidence is needed to defend a cosmological claim? and to distinguish direct observation from cosmological inference.
Relationships: Read it with Calibrated observable, the model \(data -> calibrated observable -> likelihood -> posterior predictive check -> claim\), and the evidence statement Students receive source-tagged published summaries, a live-verified Pantheon+ excerpt and covariance block, and clearly labeled model outputs; each supports a different inference task.
Boundary or common confusion: Structural completeness is not scientific approval. A complete package remains provisional until independent human review and local policy adaptation.